Class 10 Science – Metals and Non-metals | Interactive Visual Revision Notes

📚 Section 1 — Classroom Notes

Real-World Connection: Look around you — the spoon you eat with is a metal (malleable, shiny, conducts heat), while the coal in a pencil is a non-metal (dull, brittle, does not conduct electricity). The bridge over a river uses iron, while the rubber on a tyre is a non-metal. Knowing the difference between metals and non-metals helps us choose the right material for every job!

✨ Topic 1: Physical Properties of Metals

Metals are shiny. This shine is called lustre.
Metals can be beaten into thin sheets.
This property is called malleability.
Metals can be pulled into thin wires.
This property is called ductility.

⚡ Topic 2: Metals Conduct Heat and Electricity

Metals are good conductors of heat.
Metals let electricity pass through them.
Silver is the best conductor of heat.
Copper is used in electric wires.
Mercury is the only liquid metal.

💨 Topic 3: Physical Properties of Non-metals

Non-metals are dull. They have no shine.
Non-metals are brittle. They break easily.
Non-metals do not conduct electricity.
They are insulators of heat.
Graphite is a non-metal that conducts electricity.

🔥 Topic 4: Metals React with Oxygen

Metals react with oxygen to form oxides.
Metal oxides are basic in nature.
Sodium burns brightly in air.
Magnesium burns with a white bright flame.
Aluminium oxide is both acidic and basic.

💧 Topic 5: Metals React with Water

Sodium reacts very fast with cold water.
Calcium reacts slowly with cold water.
Magnesium reacts with hot water only.
Iron reacts with steam, not cold water.
Gold and silver do not react with water.

🧪 Topic 6: Metals React with Acids

Metals react with acids to give salt and gas.
The gas formed is hydrogen.
Zinc reacts with acid and makes bubbles.
Copper does not react with dilute acid.
More reactive metals react faster with acids.

📊 Topic 7: Reactivity Series of Metals

Metals are listed by their reactivity.
Potassium is at the top. It is most reactive.
Gold is at the bottom. It is least reactive.
A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive one.
This list helps us predict reactions.

🔗 Topic 8: Ionic Bonding

Metals lose electrons to become positive ions.
Non-metals gain electrons to become negative ions.
Opposite charges attract each other strongly.
This attraction is called an ionic bond.
Sodium chloride is made by ionic bonding.

⛏️ Topic 9: Extraction of Metals from Ores

Metals are found in earth as ores.
Ores contain metal mixed with impurities.
Less reactive metals are extracted by heating.
Medium reactive metals need carbon reduction.
Very reactive metals need electrolysis.

🛡️ Topic 10: Corrosion and Its Prevention

Corrosion happens when metals react with air.
Iron gets a brown coat called rust.
Painting metal surfaces stops corrosion.
Galvanising means coating iron with zinc.
Alloying also helps to prevent corrosion.

✏️ Section 3 — Worked Examples

📝 Example 1: Displacement Reaction

Iron nail is put in copper sulfate solution.

Iron is more reactive than copper.

Iron pushes copper out of the solution.

Blue color of solution turns green.

Brown coating appears on the iron nail.

Fe + CuSO₄ gives FeSO₄ + Cu.

Answer: Iron displaces copper. This is a displacement reaction.

📝 Example 2: Ionic Bond Formation

How does sodium chloride form?

Sodium is a metal. It has 1 extra electron.

Chlorine is a non-metal. It needs 1 electron.

Sodium gives its electron to chlorine.

Sodium becomes Na+ (positive ion).

Chlorine becomes Cl- (negative ion).

Answer: Na+ and Cl- attract. They form NaCl by ionic bonding.

📝 Example 3: Which Metal to Extract How?

How do we get aluminium from its ore?

Aluminium is a very reactive metal.

Carbon cannot reduce very reactive metals.

We must use electrolysis for aluminium.

Electric current breaks the ore apart.

Answer: Aluminium is extracted by electrolysis of its molten ore.

📋 Section 4 — Cheat Sheet

Word	Meaning
Lustre	The shine on a metal surface.
Malleable	Can be beaten into thin flat sheets.
Ductile	Can be pulled into thin long wires.
Conductor	Lets heat or electricity pass through.
Insulator	Does not let heat or electricity pass.
Brittle	Breaks easily when you hit it.
Ore	A rock that contains useful metal.
Reactivity Series	A list of metals from most to least reactive.
Ionic Bond	Bond formed by giving and taking electrons.
Corrosion	Metal surface damaged by air and water.
Galvanising	Coating iron with a layer of zinc.
Electrolysis	Using electricity to break a compound apart.

🏠 Section 5 — Take-Home Handout

Part A: Fill in the Blanks

1. The shine on metals is called ________.

2. Metals can be beaten into sheets. This is ________.

3. Non-metals are ________ and break easily.

4. Coating iron with zinc is called ________.

5. Metals lose electrons to form ________ ions.

Part B: True or False

1. All metals are solid at room temperature. ________

2. Non-metals are good conductors of electricity. ________

3. Gold is the most reactive metal. ________

4. Rusting is a type of corrosion. ________

5. Ionic bonds form by sharing electrons. ________

Part C: Solve

1. Iron nail is put in copper sulfate. What happens?

2. Why is aluminium extracted by electrolysis?

Part D: Match the Columns

Column A	Column B
1. Malleable	a. Breaks easily
2. Ductile	b. Beaten into sheets
3. Brittle	c. Coating with zinc
4. Galvanising	d. Drawn into wires

Part E: Draw and Label

Draw how sodium and chlorine form an ionic bond.

✅ Detailed Solutions — Section 5 Take-Home Handout

Part A: Fill in the Blanks

1. The shine on metals is called lustre.

2. Metals can be beaten into sheets. This is malleability.

3. Non-metals are brittle and break easily.

4. Coating iron with zinc is called galvanising.

5. Metals lose electrons to form positive ions.

Part B: True or False

1. All metals are solid at room temperature. → False — Mercury (Hg) is a metal that is liquid at room temperature.

2. Non-metals are good conductors of electricity. → False — Non-metals are generally poor conductors; graphite is an exception.

3. Gold is the most reactive metal. → False — Gold is one of the least reactive metals. Potassium and sodium are among the most reactive.

4. Rusting is a type of corrosion. → True — Rusting is the corrosion of iron caused by reaction with oxygen and water.

5. Ionic bonds form by sharing electrons. → False — Ionic bonds form by transfer of electrons; covalent bonds form by sharing.

Part C: Solve

1. Iron nail is put in copper sulfate. What happens?

Iron (Fe) is more reactive than copper (Cu) in the activity series.

Iron displaces copper from copper sulfate solution: Fe + CuSO₄ → FeSO₄ + Cu

Observation: The iron nail turns brownish-red (copper deposits on it); the blue copper sulfate solution turns pale green (iron sulfate).

2. Why is aluminium extracted by electrolysis?

Aluminium is a highly reactive metal (high in the activity series).

It cannot be reduced by carbon alone because Al bonds strongly with oxygen.

Electrolysis of molten aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃) provides enough energy to separate Al from oxygen.

Part D: Match the Columns

1. Malleable → b. Beaten into sheets (e.g. gold beaten into gold leaf)

2. Ductile → d. Drawn into wires (e.g. copper drawn into electrical wire)

3. Brittle → a. Breaks easily (e.g. sulphur, phosphorus)

4. Galvanising → c. Coating with zinc (to protect iron from rusting)

Part E: Draw and Label — Ionic Bond (Na → Cl)

Your diagram should show:

A sodium atom (Na) with 1 electron in its outer shell — label it Na (2,8,1)
A chlorine atom (Cl) with 7 electrons in its outer shell — label it Cl (2,8,7)
An arrow showing the transfer of the 1 electron from Na to Cl
Resulting ions: Na+ (2,8) and Cl− (2,8,8) with a +/− attraction between them
Label the result: NaCl (common salt)

🧪 Class 10 Science — Metals and Non-metals
Original Visual Revision Notes Aligned with the Class 10 Science syllabus. Independently created study material. Not affiliated with or endorsed by NCERT.

📖 Table of Contents

📚 Section 1 — Classroom Notes

✨ Topic 1: Physical Properties of Metals

⚡ Topic 2: Metals Conduct Heat and Electricity

💨 Topic 3: Physical Properties of Non-metals

🔥 Topic 4: Metals React with Oxygen

💧 Topic 5: Metals React with Water

🧪 Topic 6: Metals React with Acids

📊 Topic 7: Reactivity Series of Metals

🔗 Topic 8: Ionic Bonding

⛏️ Topic 9: Extraction of Metals from Ores

🛡️ Topic 10: Corrosion and Its Prevention

🎨 Section 2 — Easy Illustrations

✏️ Section 3 — Worked Examples

📝 Example 1: Displacement Reaction

📝 Example 2: Ionic Bond Formation

📝 Example 3: Which Metal to Extract How?

📋 Section 4 — Cheat Sheet

🏠 Section 5 — Take-Home Handout

Part A: Fill in the Blanks

Part B: True or False

Part C: Solve

Part D: Match the Columns

Part E: Draw and Label

✅ Detailed Solutions — Section 5 Take-Home Handout

Part A: Fill in the Blanks

Part B: True or False

Part C: Solve

Part D: Match the Columns

Part E: Draw and Label — Ionic Bond (Na → Cl)

🎴 Section 6 — Revision Flashcards

🧠 Section 7 — Mind Map

🧪 Class 10 Science — Metals and Non-metalsOriginal Visual Revision Notes Aligned with the Class 10 Science syllabus. Independently created study material. Not affiliated with or endorsed by NCERT.

📖 Table of Contents

📚 Section 1 — Classroom Notes

✨ Topic 1: Physical Properties of Metals

⚡ Topic 2: Metals Conduct Heat and Electricity

💨 Topic 3: Physical Properties of Non-metals

🔥 Topic 4: Metals React with Oxygen

💧 Topic 5: Metals React with Water

🧪 Topic 6: Metals React with Acids

📊 Topic 7: Reactivity Series of Metals

🔗 Topic 8: Ionic Bonding

⛏️ Topic 9: Extraction of Metals from Ores

🛡️ Topic 10: Corrosion and Its Prevention

🎨 Section 2 — Easy Illustrations

✏️ Section 3 — Worked Examples

📝 Example 1: Displacement Reaction

📝 Example 2: Ionic Bond Formation

📝 Example 3: Which Metal to Extract How?

📋 Section 4 — Cheat Sheet

🏠 Section 5 — Take-Home Handout

Part A: Fill in the Blanks

Part B: True or False

Part C: Solve

Part D: Match the Columns

Part E: Draw and Label

✅ Detailed Solutions — Section 5 Take-Home Handout

Part A: Fill in the Blanks

Part B: True or False

Part C: Solve

Part D: Match the Columns

Part E: Draw and Label — Ionic Bond (Na → Cl)

🎴 Section 6 — Revision Flashcards

🧠 Section 7 — Mind Map

🧪 Class 10 Science — Metals and Non-metals
Original Visual Revision Notes Aligned with the Class 10 Science syllabus. Independently created study material. Not affiliated with or endorsed by NCERT.