Class 10 English – Words and Expressions 2 Unit 3

📝 Section 1 — Language Notes

Story 1 — His First Flight (Summary)

A young seagull is scared to fly for the first time.
His brothers and sisters have already flown.
His mother holds fish out of reach to tempt him.
Hunger forces him to leap off the ledge.
He discovers his wings work and begins to fly.
Theme: fear can be overcome by need and courage.

Story 2 — The Black Aeroplane (Summary)

A pilot flies at night from Paris to England.
He enters a storm and all instruments stop working.
A mysterious black aeroplane guides him through.
He lands safely and asks about the other plane.
No one saw the other plane — it remains a mystery.
Theme: help can come from unexpected sources.

Grammar — Phrasal Verbs

A phrasal verb = verb + preposition or verb + adverb.
The meaning changes from the original verb.
walk away = to move away from a place or situation
give up = to stop trying
take up = to start a new hobby or activity
put out = to extinguish (a fire)

Grammar — Passive Voice

Active: Someone does something to something else.
Passive: The focus is on what was done.
Active: "Ramesh painted the walls."
Passive: "The walls were painted by Ramesh."
Formula: Subject + is/are/was/were + past participle + by + agent
Drop "by + agent" if it is not important information.

Making Adverbs from Adjectives

Most adverbs end in -ly.
angry → angrily (drop -y, add -ily)
vague → vaguely (add -ly)
indignant → indignantly (add -ly)
bitter → bitterly (add -ly)
evident → evidently (add -ly)

Prefixes — im-, il-, in-

These prefixes make a word mean the opposite.
im-: movable → immovable, mobile → immobile
il-: logical → illogical, legal → illegal
in-: secure → insecure, complete → incomplete
Tip: "im" is used before words starting with m or p.

Story 3 — All About a Dog (Reading Text)

A bus conductor forces a lady with a dog off the upper deck.
He follows rules very strictly without any kindness.
Passengers protest but he does not change his mind.
The narrator tells him rules should be used with good sense.
Key idea: Rules must be followed in spirit, not just in letter.

Comma Rules in This Unit

Comma after a dependent clause at start of sentence.
Example: "After working for an hour, he decided to rest."
Comma before conjunction in compound sentences.
Example: "She likes to read poems, and she likes fiction."
Comma before and after a quotation: The principal said, "He is happy."

✏️ Section 3 — Solved Exercises

Exercise 1 — Comprehension: His First Flight

1 The seagull was afraid because (a) he felt his wings would not support him.

2 His family taunted him because (c) he was not accepting their request to fly with them.

3 He started flying because (a) his mother showed him fish and moved away to make him fly.

4 The NOT true statement is (a) "He was lazy and did not want to fly." — he wanted to fly but was afraid.

5 True/False: (a) False (b) True (c) True (d) False (mother lured him with fish)

Exercise 2 — Passive Voice: Solved Examples

a Taj Mahal / build / Shah Jahan → The Taj Mahal was built by Shah Jahan.

b Malaria / transmit / female Anopheles mosquito → Malaria is transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito.

c The case / solve / police → The case has been solved by the police and two persons have been arrested.

d Houses / destroy / volcanic eruption → Many houses and lives were destroyed by the volcanic eruption in Mt. Etna.

e UV rays / prevent / ozone layer → The ultraviolet rays are prevented by the ozone layer from entering the earth's surface.

f The field / convert / playground → The field has been converted into a playground.

Exercise 3 — Phrasal Verbs: Meanings

a walk in — to enter a place casually: "He walked in without knocking."

b walk out — to leave in protest: "Workers walked out during the strike."

c take away — to remove something: "She took away the books."

d take up — to begin a new activity: "He took up swimming last summer."

e give up — to stop doing something: "Don't give up on your dreams."

f put out — to extinguish: "They put out the fire quickly."

Exercise 4 — Amelia Earhart Sentences (Unscrambled)

1 Amelia Earhart was an American aviator who set many flying records.

2 She became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean.

3 In July 1937, Earhart disappeared somewhere over the Pacific during a flight to circumnavigate the globe.

4 Her plane wreckage was never found and she was officially declared lost at sea.

5 Her disappearance remains one of the greatest unsolved mysteries of the twentieth century.

📋 Section 4 — Word Power

Word	Part of Speech	Meaning	Example Sentence
bitterly	adverb	in an extremely cold or angry way	It was bitterly cold on the mountain top.
malice	noun	the desire to harm others	He spoke with malice in his eyes.
imperturbably	adverb	in a calm and untroubled way	She listened imperturbably to the bad news.
indignant	adjective	feeling anger at unfair treatment	The passengers were indignant at the delay.
avalanche	noun	a mass that falls suddenly; a flood of something	An avalanche of complaints reached the office.
immovable	adjective	not willing to change one's position	The conductor was immovable in his decision.
circumnavigate	verb	to sail or fly all the way around the globe	She planned to circumnavigate the earth in 80 days.
cowardice	noun	lack of bravery or courage	Running away was seen as an act of cowardice.
scourge	noun / verb	a cause of great trouble; to punish harshly	He used rules as a scourge to punish passengers.
imperiously	adverb	in a commanding and domineering manner	She imperiously waved away all objections.
remnant	noun	a small remaining part	A remnant of the passengers stayed on the bus.
abject	adjective	showing extreme hopelessness or submission	She moved from resistance to abject surrender.

📄 Section 5 — Practice

Practice 1 — Fill in the Blanks with Phrasal Verbs

Choose from: give up, walk out, take up, put out, look for

1. She decided to _______ yoga to stay healthy.
2. The firefighter worked hard to _______ the fire.
3. He spent an hour _______ his lost keys.
4. The workers threatened to _______ if not paid.
5. Never _______ on a goal you care about.

Practice 2 — True or False

1. The young seagull flew on his own from the start. ___
2. Hunger helped the seagull overcome his fear. ___
3. The pilot in The Black Aeroplane knew who helped him. ___
4. The bus conductor was kind and let the dog stay inside. ___
5. "Immovable" means the same as "movable". ___

Practice 3 — Match: Adjective to Adverb

1. bitter A. vaguely
2. vague B. hurriedly
3. hurried C. bitterly
4. violent D. indignantly
5. indignant E. violently

Practice 4 — Change to Passive Voice

1. Students clean the classroom every morning. (Simple Present)
2. Sachin Tendulkar played this match. (Simple Past)
3. The principal has signed the letters. (Present Perfect)
4. The doctor treats all patients with care. (Simple Present)

Practice 5 — Writing Prompt

Write a short article (5–7 sentences) on the topic: "Rules are meant to be followed in spirit, not just in letter." Give two examples from daily life.

Answers to Practice Exercises

Practice 1 Answers: 1. take up 2. put out 3. looking for 4. walk out 5. give up

Practice 2 Answers: 1. False 2. True 3. False (it remains a mystery) 4. False (he was strict) 5. False (immovable = cannot move)

Practice 3 Answers: 1 – C 2 – A 3 – B 4 – E 5 – D

Practice 4 Answers: 1. The classroom is cleaned by students every morning. 2. This match was played by Sachin Tendulkar. 3. The letters have been signed by the principal. 4. All patients are treated with care by the doctor.

🃏 Section 6 — Word Flashcards

phrasal verb

Verb + preposition or adverb with a new meaning. Example: give up = stop trying.

passive voice

Subject receives the action. Formula: was/were + past participle + by + agent.

immovable

Cannot be moved or changed. "The conductor was immovable in his decision."

indignant

Feeling angry about unfair treatment. Passengers were indignant at the conductor.

im- prefix

Makes a word mean the opposite. movable → immovable, possible → impossible.

adverb

Describes a verb, adjective or another adverb. Usually ends in -ly. e.g. bitterly, quickly.

cowardice

Lack of courage. The seagull's fear was not cowardice — it was natural.

circumnavigate

To travel completely around the earth. Amelia Earhart tried to circumnavigate the globe.

Unit 3 — Two Stories about Flying Words and Expressions 2 • Class 10 • Different Learner Friendly Notes